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　　Alloy: 合金A metallic substance that is composed of two or more elements.由兩種及以上元素組成的金屬材料。Weight percent (wt%):質(zhì)量百分?jǐn)?shù)Concentration specification on the basis of weight (or mass) of a particular element relative to the total alloy weight (or mass).。Stoichiometry: 正常價化合物For ionic compounds, the state of having exactly the ratio of cations to anions speci-fied by the chemical formula.在離子化合物中，正、負(fù)離子的比例嚴(yán)厲遵照化學(xué)公式定義的化合價關(guān)系。Imperfection: 缺陷，不完全性A deviation from perfection,normally applied to crystalline materials wherein there is a deviation from atomic/molecular order and/or continuity.對完善性的偏離，在材料科學(xué)范疇中通常指晶體資料中原子/分子在排列次序/持續(xù)性上的偏離。Point defect: 點缺點A crystalline defect associated with one or, at most, several atomic sites.一種僅波及一個或數(shù)個原子的晶體缺點。Vacancy: 空位A normally occupied lattice site from which an atom or ion is missing.一個缺失原子或離子的晶格節(jié)點地位。Vacancy diffusion: 空位擴(kuò)散The diffusion mechanism wherein net atomic migration is from lattice site to an adjacent vacancy.一種擴(kuò)散機(jī)制，此時原子的凈遷移是從晶格節(jié)點位置遷移到相近的空位中。Self-interstitial: 自間隙原子A host atom or ion that is positioned on an interstitial lattice site.處于自身晶格間隙中的原子或離子。Schottky defect: 肖脫基缺陷In an ionic solid, a defect consisting of a cation?vacancy and anion?vacancy pair.在離子晶體中的一種缺陷構(gòu)造，它是由一個陽離子空位和一個陰離子空位組成的空位對。Atomic vibration:原子振動The vibration of an atom about its normal position in a substance.材料中原子在其平衡位置四周的振動.一般說來，這種振動與溫度相干，溫度越高，振動的幅度越大，因此也稱為原子熱振動。Substitutional solid solution: 置換固溶體A solid solution wherein the solute atoms replace or substitute for the host atoms.溶質(zhì)原子代替或取代溶劑原子而形成的固溶體。Interstitial diffusion: 間隙擴(kuò)散A diffusion mechanism whereby atomic motion is from interstitial site to interstitial site.一種擴(kuò)散機(jī)制，此時原子的活動是從晶格間隙位置遷移到另一個相近的間隙地位。Interstitial solid solution: 間隙固溶體A solid solution wherein relatively small solute atoms occupy interstitial positions between the solvent or host atoms.相對尺寸較小的溶質(zhì)原子盤踞溶劑或晶格原子之間間隙地位所形成的固溶體。Solid solution: 固溶體A homogeneous crystalline phase that contains two or more chemical species.Both substitutional and interstitial solid solutions are possible.包括兩種或兩種以上元素的均勻單相，固溶體可以以置換固溶體或間隙固溶體的情勢存在。Solid-solution strengthening: 固溶體強(qiáng)化Hardening and strengthening of metals that result from alloying in which a solid solution is formed.The presence of impurity atoms restricts dislocation mobility. 由于形成固溶體的合金化進(jìn)程引起的金屬硬化和強(qiáng)化，其機(jī)制是異類原子的存在限制了位錯的可動性。Solute: 溶質(zhì)One component or element of a solution present in a minor concentration.It is dissolved in the solvent.溶液（固溶體）中，含量較少的組元或元素，溶質(zhì)溶解在溶劑中。Solution heat treatment: 固溶處置，均勻化退火The process used to form a solid solution by dissolving precipitate particles.Often, the solid solution is supersaturated and metastable at ambient conditions as a result of rapid cooling from an elevated temperature.讓沉淀物融解而形成固溶體的熱處理進(jìn)程.通常情形下，從固溶處置溫度下快速冷卻，形成室溫下亞穩(wěn)態(tài)過飽和固溶體。Solvent: 溶劑The component of a solution present in the greatest amount.It is the component that dissolves a solute.溶液（固溶體）中，含量Zui大的組元，此組元溶解了溶質(zhì)。Burgers vector : 柏氏矢量A vector that denotes the magnitude and direction of lattice distortion associated with a dislocation.表現(xiàn)位錯引起晶格畸變水平和方向的矢量。Composition (Ci): 成分，組成The relative content of a particular element or constituent (i) within an alloy, usually expressed in weight percent or atom percent.合金中某一元素或組分的相對含量，通常用質(zhì)量百分?jǐn)?shù)或原子百分?jǐn)?shù)來表現(xiàn)。Defect structure: 缺陷構(gòu)造，缺點組態(tài)Relating to the kinds and concentrations of vacancies and interstitials in a ceramic compound.在陶瓷化合物中，與空位、間隙原子的類型和偏聚有關(guān)的缺陷組態(tài)。Dislocation: 位錯A linear crystalline defect around which there is atomic misalignment.晶體資料中的線狀缺陷，在其鄰近，原子產(chǎn)生錯排，永新顯微鏡。Plastic deformation corresponds to the motion of dislocations in response to an applied shear stress. Edge, screw, and mixed dislocations are possible.在外加切應(yīng)力作用下位錯的活動可以導(dǎo)致晶體材料的塑性變形.可能存在的位錯類型有刃型位錯、螺型位錯和混雜型位錯。Screw dislocation: 螺型位錯A linear crystalline defect associated with the lattice distortion created when normally parallel planes are joined together to form a helical ramp.The Burgers vector is parallel to the dislocation line.一種一維線型晶體缺陷，形態(tài)上可是描寫為當(dāng)相互平行的相鄰晶面之間依次錯粘合在一起形成的螺旋型斜面的中心線區(qū)域所形成的原子錯排組態(tài)，螺型位錯的柏氏矢量平行與其位錯線。Mixed dislocation: 混雜位錯A dislocation that has both edge and screw components.同時含有刃型分量和螺型分量的位錯。Dislocation density: 位錯密度The total dislocation length per unit volume of material, alternately, the number of dislocations that intersect a unit area of a random surface section.在單位體積材料中包括位錯的長度，或者說在材料內(nèi)部任意單位截面上位錯線的根數(shù)。Dislocation line: 位錯線The line that extends along the end of the extra half-plane of atoms for an edge dislocation, and along the center of the spiral of a screw dislocation.刃型位錯中過剩半原子面邊沿的連線，或者螺型位錯中錯排螺旋的中心軸線。Edge dislocation:刃型位錯A linear crystalline defect associated with the lattice distortion produced in the vicinity of the end of an extra half plane of atoms within a crystal.The Burgers vector is perpendicular to the dislocation line.一種一維線型晶體缺陷，形態(tài)上可是描寫為晶體中存在的過剩半原子面的末端鄰近區(qū)域所形成的原子錯排組態(tài)，刃型位錯的柏氏矢量垂直與其位錯線。Electroneutrality: 電中性The state of having exactly the same numbers of positive and negative electrical charges (ionic and electronic), that is, of being electrically neutral.材料中一種正負(fù)電荷（離子和電子）數(shù)目準(zhǔn)確相等的狀況，在此狀況下，材料是不帶電的。Frenkel defect: 弗侖克爾缺陷In an ionic solid, a cation?vacancy and cation?interstitial pair.在離子固體中的陽離子-空位對和陽離子-間隙原子對。Grain: 晶粒An individual crystal in a polycrystalline metal or ceramic.金屬或陶瓷多晶體中的一個單獨的小晶體。Grain boundary: 晶界The interface separating two adjoining grains having different crystallographic orientations.把兩個相鄰具有不同晶體學(xué)取向的晶粒分別開的界面。Grain growth: 晶粒長大The increase in average grain size of a polycrystalline material, for most materials, an elevated-temperature heat treatment is necessary.在多晶體材料中晶粒均勻尺寸的增添，對大多數(shù)材料來說，這須要在必定溫度下進(jìn)行熱處置。Grain size: 晶粒尺寸The average grain diameter as determined from a random cross section.從資料任一橫截面上丈量的晶粒直徑的均勻值。Microscopy: 顯微術(shù)，顯微鏡學(xué)The investigation of microstructural elements using some type of microscope.用某種類型的顯微鏡對材料微觀組織情形進(jìn)行的研討。Microstructure: 顯微組織The structural features of an alloy (e.g., grain and phase structure) that are subject to observation under a microscope.在顯微鏡下察看到的某合金的結(jié)構(gòu)特點（例如:晶粒和相的組織結(jié)構(gòu)特點）。Photomicrograph: 顯微組織照片The photograph made with a microscope, which records a microstructural image.在顯微鏡下拍攝，記載顯微組織結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)的照片。Scanning electron microscope: 掃描電子顯微鏡（SEM）A microscope that produces an image by using an electron beam that scans the surface of a specimen, an image is produced by reflected electron beams.Examination of surface and/or microstructural features at high magnifications is possible.應(yīng)用一束電子流掃描樣品表面，用樣品產(chǎn)生的反射電子束發(fā)生圖象的一種顯微鏡.掃描電子顯微鏡的利用使對樣品的表面特點和顯微組織特征進(jìn)行高倍視察成為可能。Scanning probe microscope: 掃描探針顯微鏡（SPM）A microscope that does not produce an image using light radiation. Rather, a very small and sharp probe raster scans across the specimen surface, out-of-surface plane deflections in response to electronic or other interactions with the probe are monitored, from which a topographical map of the specimen surface(on a nanometer scale) is produced.一種不用光學(xué)射線發(fā)生圖象，而是用非常尖利的探針依次橫掃描過樣品表面,應(yīng)用探針對被測樣品進(jìn)行掃描，同時檢測掃描進(jìn)程中探針與樣品的相互作用（如樣品-探針間的隧道電流或相互作用力等），得到樣品相干性質(zhì)（如電子態(tài)密度、形貌、摩擦力、磁疇結(jié)構(gòu)等），因而統(tǒng)稱為掃描探針顯微鏡（SPM）。Transmission electron microscope: 透射電子顯微鏡（TEM）A microscope that produces an image by using electron beams that are transmitted (pass through) the specimen.Examination of internal features at high magnifications is possible.透射電子顯微鏡是用穿過樣品的透射電子束發(fā)生樣品組織形貌像的顯微鏡,在透射電子顯微鏡上，可以在高倍下研討樣品的內(nèi)部構(gòu)造特征。


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